Chokio-Alberta Fine Art Class

Printmaking:  A process of working with art that makes art with a process of multiplication, such as the printing press.

Elizabeth Catlett: An African American print maker born in 1919.  She worked for two years as a teacher before getting her graduates degree in art.  She would be taught by famous Regionalist painter Grant Wood (creator of American Gothic).  Grant would encourage Elizabeth to work in subject matters she knew best.  This would mean her heritage and culture, as an African woman.  She would eventually move to Mexico after working in Harlem as a promotion director and become a Mexican citizen.  There she created images of Mexican life as well as mother-child pairings, famous African Americans, and strong solitary African women.  She was influenced by the work of Diego Rivera (famous Mexican muralist) and his messages of social activism.  In Mexico she would create images speaking out against social injustices with other print makers.

Li Hua:  A Chinese man who received training in oil painting in Japan. He was influenced by the various social protests of his time, such as those made by Kathe Kollwitz and other German expressionists.  His work  sprung out of a time when China was in upheaval and in war (WWII) and was in line with other art sponsored by communist China.  China was divided and art sought to speak out against the social injustices of the time.  Li Hua in particular voiced objection to Japan’s invasion of China. He would establish a modern print association. He was invited by Xu Beihong to teach at the National Beiping Art School.  He also would become the advisor to the Chinese Artists’ Association.

Graphic Design:  The visual communication through a skillful combination of text and image in advertisement, movies, magazines, books, etc

Graphic design is an involving complex industry that touches every aspect of our modern lives.  The commercials on TVs, cereal boxes, and even the way they designed your vacuum to look have all been touched by a graphic designer.  This is an industry that seeks to get you the consumer to buy something, and generally that is done by simple and easy to understand messages of image and text.  Unlike allot of art in galleries, Graphic art wants to be easily understood by the general public and it wants to convince you the viewer to do something.
Lets look at a few of the qualities of Graphic Design.

Design is Purposeful-

The first thing that sets graphic design apart from other artistic ventures is that it always has a purpose.  I graphic designer wants you to do something because you say their artwork.  This is done by considering a few things

Design is Informational - All graphic design tries to convey a message to a consumer

Design uses Visual Language – Graphic Design uses text and image to convey messages.

1)  Who is your audience?  You won’t think of using skulls and flames to advertise baby toys would you?  Nor would you use bright primary colors and small furry creatures to advertise a motorcycle.  Or at least if you did you won’t be in business long.

2) What message do you want to deliver?  As a graphic designer you always want to be giving information, information the viewer wants to hear.  So what is that message?

3) What is the goal of your advertising?  Do you want more people to use your online registration?  Do you want more people to enroll in your college?  Do you want less people to vote for your opponent?

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Graphic Design uses Formalism -

Graphic design uses the elements and principles of art to create visually interesting and appealing advertisments. The focus of these elements and principles is slightly different , such as size being an element in graphic design, but essential talk about the same concept.

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Juxtaposition of Text and Image:  Graphic design uses both text and image to convey messages.  The relationship of the text and image tend to create one meaning.  Like in this image by Barbara Kruger.  The text can either change the meaning of the image or enchance it to make the meaning clear.

If you want to play with this idea, click here

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The Golden Mean and Graphic Design-

The golden mean is a mathematical way of producing pleasing images. Graphic designers often use the concept to help guide their compositions and create interesting designs.  This concept also extends of rhythms and how many times a graphic designer will repeat something. (click on images for different links about golden mean)

Golden Mean: If you take the later numbers in the fibonacci sequence and divide them be each other you get the golden ratio, which is Phi (1.618).  So a golden rectangle would have one side measuring 13 inches and another 21 inches (or something similar)

Phi: 1.618

Fibonacci:  is a number sequence where each number is equal to the previous to numbers added together. The most common form of this is…

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89…

This number sequence is very appealing to the human eye.  This is believe to be related to the fact that this number sequence is frequently found in nature.

In the following link move your cursor over the number 3, go to formal compositions (d), and then move your cursor again over the golden mean.  Their should be a series of small squares on the bottom of the page (a bluish and purple in color), move your cursor over these to see how to make a golden curve.

Link

The Golden Curve:  A curved created by dividing a golden rectangle into smaller and small golden rectangles by making squares, until producing two identical boxes and drawing a curve using those boxes.  An example is to the right.

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Rule of Thirds: In essence this is a simplified version of gestalt.  You divide a paper into thirds length wise and width wise.  After doing this you would arrange objects to either fit within the boxes created this way, or have the object sit on the lines themselves.  An example is provided to the left.

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One more advance formalism term

Gestalt:  This is a term for how your mind has a tendency to complete things that are incomplete.  We tend to do this more with things that are similar and more with things that are closure together.  Its frequently used in graphic design to generate more interest.  It can be done by simply cropping off part of an image, such as showing only a persons face in a picture, or more advanced ideas.  Two of these more complex ideas are closure or continuance.

Closure: This is when the mind puts a group of similar objects together into a single entity, like when you connect the dots on a page. Specifically its when you mind puts in missing pieces.

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Continuance:  This is the idea of once you start looking in one direction, you will continue to do so.  In the example of the right you tend to read from the big circle to the little circle.   Another way to see this is how your mind will want to group similar objects, and see a “direction.”

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Take a look at this image its a classic example of gestalt.  Do you see an old woman or a young one?

The young woman is looking away and is wearing a necklace.  All you can see of her is her nose and eye lash.

If you saw this first, then the old woman’s nose is the young woman’s chin.  The young woman’s ear is the old woman’s eye.  The young woman’s necklace makes the old woman’s mouth.

If you saw the old woman first.  Then the nose othe old lady makes the young one’s chin.  The old woman’s mouth becomes a necklace.  The old woman’s eye becomes an ear.  The young woman is looking away from you.

Here is another example created by Daniel Ludvigson

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If you look closely you can see a horse.  The head isn’t all there though.  You see a eye and the bottom jaw of the horse, the strips of white missing in the face is a halter. This uses the idea of closure (putting parts together)

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Look at the ram’s skull, this also uses closure to create interest.

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Lets look at a graphic designer and a graphic design company.

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Chaz Maviyane-Davies:  A graphic designer who uses his career to push the boundaries of social justice. He works in Zimbabwe where his history as a second-class citizen under a historically white separatist government shapes his artwork.

Maviyane-Davies dreamed of pursing art.  To achieve that dream he joined the military in order to get a passport to leave his country.  Due to the fact pursing a career in art was unavailable in his homeland.  After serving in the military Maviyane-Davies moved to a variety of locations, ending up in London.  Here Maviyane-Davies drew creativity from the socialist images flooding into the city from the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe).  Responding to the liberation pronouncements of Cuba, Maviyane- Davies began to see graphic design as a way to bring about change.

In 1982, he returned to Zimbabwe and after six months founded his own design agency, The Maviyane-Project. His goal was to convey the message that change needed to happen.  He took local iconography (symbols) and used them to convey this message of social change.

In 2001, he fled the country after the president of Zimbabwe lost a referendum and began cracking down on public demonstrations and civic dissent.

In 2001, the Massachusetts College of Art accepted him as a professor.  He says about his profession, “I tell my students that graphic design is not only what you learn in college. It’s what you learn in life. You connect your values to who you are and thereby become the visual voice of the economic and cultural sector on your own terms.”  In 2009 Maviyane-Daves was awarded the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.

BLT and Associates:  A graphic design company that designs movie posters. (click on the name to see their homepage)

Worksheet:  graphicdesign

Sideshow:  The Art of Graphic Design

Working with Wire:

You have one main tool in working with wire and that is your needle nose pliers.  Which can be used to make many shapes. If you wrap the wire around the nose of the pliers you can even get a tight circle.  Like in the image provided.

Remember when working with wire any tool can be used to create a shape.  You can use the bottle cap to get a tight circle or a small wooden box to get a square just right.

Links:

http://www.ehow.com/videos-on_2981_make-wire-sculptures.html

http://www.wirelady.com/berrienwirehowtopage.html

http://www.answerbag.com/articles/video/Making-the-Body-in-a-Lizard-Wire-Sculpture/610045de-3bbc-5592-3eec-4d227dbe37d1

http://www.wirehorses.com/about.html

Braiding

http://www.stringpage.com/braid/braid.html

http://www.ehow.com/how_13449_braid-string.html

http://www.nativetech.org/dreamcat/dreminst.html

Weaving

http://www.allfiberarts.com/library/aa01/aa040201.htm

http://www.art-rageous.net/Weaving.html

Armature: The skeleton that holds a sculpture up.  The frame that holds the medium (such as paverpol) up.

Elizabeth Berrien:  One of the world’s finest wire sculptors.  She mainly works with expressive sculptures of nature.  She received the Victor Jacoby Award in 2004.  She is the founder of Wire Sculpture International. The only tools she uses are her own bare hands and a wire cutter.  Her technique uses a mixture of textile techniques and engineering theory.

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Steve Lohman:  A modern artist that uses wire to create whimsical and simple images.  He uses only his hands to sculpt the wire.

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Polly Verity:  This artist often creates animals mythological creatures. The sculptures are created in wire frame and covered in taut tissue paper. She also creates paper dresses and creates origami sculptures.

She builds up a 3D wire frame using the wire to describe the contours and outline of her creations. The wire is joined to itself by tight wrapping of wire around wire using pliers.  Then a fine paper (sized first with glue) is put on wet. This paper skin then dries taut. The creatures are usually kept in a glass dome or perpex box for protection and display.

Surrealism:  An art movement founded in 1924 that sprung out of the push against rational thinking that was used in World War I.  Its manifesto was created by Andre Breton.  This style of art focused on the subconscious or dream imagery and a creative process that was often chaotic and unpredictable.  It became popular in the 1920’s and 1930’s largely do to the work of Salvador Dali.

At this time Sigmund Freud proposed ideas about unconscious thought and how it influenced human behavior.  He promoted ideas of free association and dream analysis and believed these would work to reveal unconscious thought.  Surrealists took  these ideas and applied them to art (called automatism), often using free association activities to generate ideas.   Some surrealists also used imagery from the real world to generate their dream-like imagery. These images where often realistic but nonsensical.  These nonsensical images often used of symbols and carried meanings.  The surrealists appreciated and often studied child and primitive art.

Another link

Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali I Domenech:  The most famous surreal artist of all time who worked in a variety of mediums.  He was known for his flamboyant personality and unusual behavior. He believed that in order to create his fantastic images that one needed to suspend rational thought and cultivate delusion (paranoiac-critical).  His talent was recognized in 1925 at a one-man show in Barcelona.  One of his best known works was The Persistence of Memory created in 1931.  In 1940 he escaped the second world in Europe and broke with the surrealist movement.  He often painted realistic landscapes in which bizarre things were happening.

Rene Magritte:  This Belgium is remembered as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century who found harsh criticism for his early work.  A wallpaper designer and commercial artist known for depicting normal everyday things in bizarre manners.   Often the bizarre quality of these paintings was caused by strange dislocations and ambiguity.  Often this involved opposite states of being or dissimilar traits.  Such as confusing between interiors and exterior spaces or fusing night and day.  He also favored images of mirrors, eyes, windows, and stages to create problems of visual perception.  Many of his paintings showed a man in a bowler hat.  In 1912 Rene Magritte’s mother drowned herself.  He’d marry a woman he met at the age of fifteen.  In 1921 Magritte would briefly serve in the military.

Confusing Perception:  When you create an odd juxtaposition that causes the viewer to question the reality of what they see.  Transparency is often used to achieve this.

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Surrealist Exercises: Surrealists had many methods for creating ideas for their dream imagery.  Here are some of the more distinct.

Exquisite Corpse:  A drawing exercise where several artists get together and each do a part of the a drawing, the catch is that no one actually knows what the other drew.  Each artist draws a portion of the picture and only reveals a very small section of the drawing to the next artist.  The end result is a very odd juxtaposition of nearly unrelated parts.

Free Association:  This involves drawing whatever comes to your mind or how you feel.  Sometimes you are not drawing anything in particular, other times you look at something for inspiration.  But the heart and soul the technique is that you do not plan for anything; you draw as you go.  Very similar to drawing to music.

Dream Imagery:  This involves looking to your dreams for reoccurring or powerful imagery.  This is done by keeping a diary of your dreams.  Every time you have a dream, write done the details as soon as you can.  Look for ideas and patterns.

Juxtaposition: Placing two things together for comparison and contrast to create a new meaning.

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Superimpose: To place something that does not normally belong their on another object.  Such as placing a deer’s head on a man’s body.

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Transparency: being able to see through something. In surrealism applying transparency to something that would not normally possess it. (This can also be considered Changing Natural Law)

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Transformation: Change objects to give them a new meaning. Such as a car with pizza tires.

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Recontextualization: Taking one objection or more and placing it in a new environment or context

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Dislocation: placing an object in an unusual location, somewhere where you wouldn’t expect to see it.

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Change Natural Law: This is a technique is surrealism where you contradict what is real or natural.  This can be done by making fish swim in the skies, water float, or a host of other things.

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Levitation: Taking an object that does not normally float or flying and giving it the gift of floating or flying.

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Scale Change: Taking proportion and blowing it up or shirking it down in relation to other objects.

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Metamorphosis: this actively changes one object to another in front of the viewers eyes.

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Worksheet: surrealism

PowerPoint:  surrealism

Photo-Realism:  Are hyper realistic paintings and sculptures.  In painting it results in images that look so real they could be mistake for photographs and often were based off of photographs.

This movement grew out of distaste for the abstract art produced in the 1960s and 1970s.  In reaction to so many works being based on no subject (non-objective) artists instead painting and sculpted in hyper detail.

At first this movement was not taken seriously, but then a gallery showing opened up (curated by Louis Meisel) in 1973   giving it attention by the fine art community.

In order for a work of art to qualify for photo-realism it needs to work from a photo and it needs to use a mechanical or semi-mechanical process to transfer information to a canvas.  One method is to use a slide or transparency, the other is the grid system.

Drawing with a Grid: In order to grid you need a drawing.  On that drawing you create a grid of squares of equal size, both horizontally and vertically.  Then transfer the grid to your drawing or painting surface using the same proportions.

(click on the image for a tutorial)

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The details of these drawings and paintings are then created (typically) using either an airbrush or bristle brush.

Chuck Close:  A painter, photograph, and print maker of the photo-realism movement.  He uses a complex griding system, in conjunction with digital and photographic aids.  Still, the end product is always made the old fashion way (by hand).  Chuck Close creates portraits of intense realism this way.  Though sometimes he allows for his images to look pixilated or watery (see link for images).  Chuck Close’s paintings can take months and his prints can take up to 2 years to complete.  Click here for a more in depth description of his process.

In 1988 Chuck Close had to relearn how to draw after a spinal infection that left him quadriplegic.

Audrey Flack: The first Photo-Realist to get into the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (1966).  This is important to note, because the popularity of photo-realism did not get underway until 1972.  She saw painting as a material manifestation of one’s sensory capability.  Though many photo-realists saw their art as a kind of illusion, Audrey Flack saw it as more of a visual indulgence and an exploration of her subject matter.

Audrey Flack started out her career as an Abstract Expressionist (think splatter painting) and was frustrated by the push to be “one of the boys.”  She felt her artwork was not taken seriously and those around her only related to it from the perspective that she was a woman.

Audrey Flack uses slides of pure hue, like your printer, in her work.  She first projects an image of magenta, yellow, etc.  Each layer is created with an airbrush to create the degree of realism she often achieves.  She primarily paints still lives.

drawing

Photorealism

Creativity:  Is the ability to come up with original ideas.  This involves putting new ideas together to create new ones, seeing new connections that other people didn’t notice, and doing something in a new or novel way.

Synthetic Thinking:  Is a type of thought that combines different ideas, or see relationships that others might not see.

Analytical Thinking:  This is the ability to analyze and evaluate ideas.  This is important skill to have in order to take creative ideas and put them to use.  People use this style of thinking to figure out the implications of their ideas and test them.

Lateral (Linear) Thinking:  The tendency for people to get trapped into one perspective or solution for a particular problem.  This limits your ability to solve problmes in new situations and traps you in one perspective.

Here are some linear thinking problems.  http://www.folj.com/lateral/semantics.htm, http://www.expandyourmind.com/logicproblems/logic_lateral.shtml, http://www.expandyourmind.com/logicproblems/logic_problems.shtml

Your brain is not wired to look for new situations, new ways to solve problems, or in short putting more effort forth in thinking then needed.  You are wired to solve problems presented to you in the same manner in which you solved them before.  Sometimes we do this with situations that are not the same and trap ourselves into lateral thinking problems.

Some ways to combat this thinking traps.

Keep a journal of your ideas

Seek criticism, advise, and opinions of others

Be persistent, working on your ideas and refine them

Purposely approach a problem from a new angle, take risks

Look for patterns

Maintain a sense of curiosity and passion

Here is the task list and worksheet from class

creativityworksheetcolor

creativeprojectlist

Proportion is the relationships of shapes to on another.  If you hand is about the size of your face.  If you increase the size of your enter body (thus your hand is still about the size of your face).  That is a scale change.

Distortion is taking proportion and changing it.

Link:  The proportions of the face

Link: Proportions of the body

Drawing Tuturial

Videos

Worksheets:  proprotion912 and proprotionanatmony

Anatomy refers to the study of the structure of the human body.  Artist often study anatomy to get a better understanding of what they are drawing.  Knowing the human skeletal and muscle structure improves an artist ability to render people realistically.  This also works when studying the anatomy of animals.  It helps you know what you are looking at and helps you render it more accurately.

Human Muslces

Human Skeleton

How to draw a skull

Unlike the other pages of this sight, this page provides only a little bit of information with many links to lead you to visual examples and better explanations.  So don’t forget to click on the links.

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Coil- A method of working with clay using long cylinders made by rolling the clay in your hands.  A common method for making pots.

Slab- A method of working with clay that flattens out pieces of clay and cuts them into shapes, which are then slipped and scored together.

Slip- A mixture of about 50 percent clay and 50 percent water.  Used to add attachments.

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Slip and Score- Scratching and roughing up the surface of clay in order to make an attachment. On this rough area slip is added as a “glue.”

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Armature- A structure in a sculpture on which you add sculptural material.  An armature can be anything that initially acts as a support to a sculpture. (The example shows an armature used for clay animation).

Incise- Small indents or “scratches” made into the surface of a sculptural material.

Wedge- A method of kneeing clay to get all the air out of it.

Plasticity-  A term that refers to the quality of a material to be molded into a desired shape.  Clay, before it is fired, has a high plasticity.

Throwing- The term used to refer to working with clay on a potter’s wheel.

Wheel- The wheel is a circular plate on which a potter spins a lump of clay into a pot.  Sometimes wheels are electric and other times they are manual.  Around 3000 BC the potter’s wheel appeared in Mesopotamia.  Weather it was invented here or in China or Egypt is unknown.  At this time the wheel was also invented.

Glaze: Glass that has been modified to melt onto clay. Materials must be insoluble in water. Ingredients must be insoluble in water because that ingredients must be suspended in the water so it can be applied to surface of the clay.

Silicon: The chemical name for glass. This is a required ingredient for glaze.

Common Chemicals used for pigmentation – Oxidation Firing

Copper- Blue and Green

Cobalt- Blue

Iron- Greenish-Blue

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Flux: chemicals added to a glaze to lower the melting point.

Alumina: A material that “shrinks-to-fit” the clay.  Often this is slip (which happens to have silicon and Alumina in it).  These materials need to be resistant to high temperatures.  (refractory)

Science of Firing

When clay dries the chemical bonds between the molecules become tighter.  As more and more water escapes the bonds become less and less loose.  When you fire the clay these bonds become so tight that water can no longer be absorbed into the clay, thus making it permanent.

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Medium Basics

This information is provided in relation to my unit on clay.

Pigment- This is what makes color in a given medium (which is created by the light it reflects) Carbon and Titanium are common pigments (Black and White)

Binder- This is what adheres the pigment to a given surface.  Binders need to be both tough and flexible.  This is what most commonly varies from pigment to pigment.

Vehicle- Is what transports the pigment and binder to the surface of your artwork. In watercolors this includes both the water and the paintbrush.

Xu Beihong- A famous Chinese artist and art educator of Han descent. Son of a calligrapher, who began teaching him about art at the age of 6.  He was a teacher by the age of 20. In 1919 Xu Beihong moved to Paris on a government scholarship, where studied Western art.  A great promoter of creating a new modern Chinese art movement he worked in both traditional and western styles. The reason that Eastern students in China have very much the same education in art as Western students is due to Xu Beihong. As an educator Xu Beihong emphasized the importance of approaching art in a scientific way, using realism in your work, and blending Western and Eastern methods of art. He was one of the first artists in China to create monumental oil paints with epic Chinese themes. In stayed in China permanently in 1927. He is particularly known for his images of horses.

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Henri Matisse: This artist lived in a turbulent time where on the year of his birth, 1869, the Cutty Shark was launched and when he died in 1954 the first hydrogen bomb exploded. Yet despite living through two world wars and some of the most heated ideology debates, his art is filled with joy, comfort, and balance.

This artist didn’t decide to even pursue a career in art until his adult hood. He got extremely ill and was given a box of paints to pass the time he spent in bed. He developed an interest in art and eventually quite law school to pursue art full time.  When he studied art he look for inspiration from a wide variety of sources and influences.  In his early career he struggled with financial difficulty and criticism.  He joined the Fauvist movement and become one of the most famous artists of the 20^th century. In his old age he also created collages with the help of an assistant because he was restricted to the use of a wheel chair because of abdominal cancer.

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Kathe Kollwitz: This German Expressionist and a humanitarian that used a gesture style to capture the feelings of turmoil and despair she felt were a part of the World War I and post war time frame (1914-1939). She strive to speak for the poor and disenfranchised in he work. She used her drawings and prints (one of the most dispensable mediums of the day) to protest the brutality of war. She married a doctor who would later work with many of the injured during the war (giving her first hand experience with the brutality of war.) Her husband also worked in some of the poorest slums of Berlin. She was the first woman elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts. She lost one son in World War I and another in World War II. When Hitler came to power (1933) she was forced to resign from the Prussian Academy of Arts. In 1943 her home was bombed and in 1945 she died.

Scott Adams:.Born in 1957, Dilbert cartoonist Scott Adams was raised in Windham, New York, in the Catskill mountains. Scott Adams has a MBA in Economics and is a certified hypnosis.  In 1995 Scott Adams quit his day job and became a full-time cartoonist

.Scott Adams gained inspiration for his Dilbert cartoon by his experiences in a variety of “humiliating and low paying jobs,” as he puts it.  He was even twice robbed at gun point while being a bank teller.  Scott entertained himself at meetings by doodling his co-workers and bosses.  He was encouraged to name his reoccurring character Dilbert.  A submission was accepted by the United Feature Syndicate.  In 1995 Scott Adams quit his day job and pursued to be a full-time comic illustrator.

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Bill Watterson:  Originally a political science major that created political cartoons.  He became popular in 1985 for the creation of “Calvin and Hobbs”.  Watterson is known for fighting licensing of his imagery and refusing to have his images mass produced. He also changed the structure of comics during his time. He quite making comic strips in 1995.

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Gary Larson:  One of Gary Larson’s first interests was Biology, which help shape his cartoon strip later in life.  Gary Larson had an interest in drawing at an early age and went to school for advertising.  Gary also had an interest in Jazz and played in a Jazz band for a while.  In 1976 Gary Larson submitted 6 cartoons to a local magazine, Pacific Search, and was surprised at being offered $90 for his cartoons.  He quite his job to pursue his comics more but also worked for the Humane society during this time.  He created the “Far Side” carton strips.

One fun story about Gary Larson is that one of his cartoons was called an atrocity by a lawyer.  The comic had two monkey’s grooming themselves. One finds a blond hair on the other and asks, “So you are experimenting with the Jane Goodall, aren’t you?”  When they pressed the issue Jane Goodall sent a letter saying that she found the comic humorous!  The person they were accusing Gary of slandering.

A louse, beetle and butterfly were named after Gary Larson, whose humor appealed to biologists and environmentalists.  It appealed because of his frequent use of personification and allusions to science.

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Jerry Scott and Jim Borgman:  These two are the creators of the “Zits” cartoon strip which debuted in 1997.  Jim began his career as a journalist (then switching to art) while Jerry was also one of the creators of “Baby Blues.”  They work in collaboration for the “Zits” cartoon.

Jim Borgman, who is a cartoon editorialist, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1999.

Jerry Scott is one of only four cartoonist in history to have two comics running in over 1,000 newspapers each.